Permanent ponding water resistant. BEST OVERALL: LR Liquid Rubber Waterproof Sealant – Multi-Surface. APOC 139 exceeds. Use it on roofs, gutters, skylights, windows, doors, flashings, walls, or foundations. This coating provides an excellent, highly protective barrier which reflects the sun’s heat and destructive UV rays. It will help protect your singles from unsightly degradation and will resist fungi and mildew. . 36 in. In order to work more efficiently, it’s best to pour and smooth a little at a time. The key is in mixing or stirring up the Aluminum particles that are in the asphalt base. 7) They are More Expensive. Avoid foot traffic once applied. Restoration. Follow all directions on label for application. Map out your roof and make each pail fill that area. Low Slope Roll Roofing. 8. Reflective roof coatings allow both light and heat from the sun to be reflected back into the atmosphere. APOC 208 4. Allow repair to cure according to product directions before application of roof coating. Make repairs with polyester reinforcing fabric and APOC roof sealant (264, AP-1, 501) or use APOC Incredible® Fleece-Top® Tape as an alternate repair. They are also able to endure the natural expansion and contraction (thermal movement) that occurs in large roof structures. C. APOC 241 Elastomeric White Roof Coating is a durable, flexible and reflective roof coating that resists cracking and UV rays while protecting the roof surface. Repair all leaks and cracks BEFORE applying any coating. brush and avoid scraping into soft roof surfaces. APOC 208 protects roof surfaces, is a rust inhibitor and prevents corrosion on metal surfaces. Spray On. 717. 4 L. The fibers. Show All Products. (24-Piece)Product Details. Our team has over 25 years of experience along with decades of research. Product Summary. Brush On. Start your search here. APOC 208 exceeds performance requirements of ASTM D2824, TYPE lII, is UL CLASS A RATED File #R11333 and Miami-Dade County Product Control Approved. 75-Gallons Aluminum Reflective Roof Coating. Do not heat or thin. The granules, which are partially embedded in one surface of asphalt-impregnated and/or asphalt-coated fiber sheet material, form a coating to provide an. ApplyHenry® 887 Tropi-Co. It expands and contracts more than 300% with the roof’s movements to resist damage. APOC 248 forms a tough seamless shield of protection for virtually all low pitched roofs. , per coat, over masonry and roof surfaces, depending on texture and porosity of surface. APOC 208 Silver Guard-F Fibered Aluminum Roof Coating is a 2 pound, professional grade reflective coating formulated to provide a bright and long lasting finish. Built-Up Roofing. (herein “APOC”) hereby warrants to the original purchaser, contingent upon original proof of purchase, that this product will be free from any and. . This ultra-flexible. See APOC website for speciications and details. Apply the base coat using a roller, carefully unroll the fabric over the base coat to adhere it, then seal it with another layer of base coat. I was really nervous about this video. Apply using a brush or squeegee. , per coat, over masonry and roof surfaces, depending on texture and porosity of surface. These products allow finish coat application after 48 hours cure time. Technical Data. Cooling costs can be reducedrising), apply Black Jack, Gardner or STA-KOOL Elastomeric Roof Coating to a dry roof surface. It is formulated to provide the brightest and longest lasting finish. It can be used for patching splits, cracks and seams in spudded gravel, mineral surfaced cap sheet and smooth surface asphalt roofs, as well as composition shingle. APOC ® 705. Make sure you are coating thick layer over the tape of approximately 1/8" thick. Using an acrylic elastomeric coating, you can transform the overall appearance and texture of your asphalt shingle roof without tearing it down. Chemically bonds with roof substrate as it cures. 9-Gallon White Silicone Reflective Roof Coating (Limited Lifetime Warranty) Model # AP-5811. Spread the thinned roofing tar onto the roof in a straight line. However, a few caveats might make you think twice about painting your aged asphalt shingle roof. Temperatures must be above 50°F (10°C) for 24 hours and rising, but not above 100°F. No matter where the roof is or what it's made of, Liquid Rubber Silicone Roof Coating is safe to apply. APOC 208 exceeds. Allow repair to cure according to product directions before application of roof coating. APOC 208 protects roof surfaces, is a rust inhibitor and prevents corrosion on metal surfaces. Weather-Armor SB-1 Roof Underlayment. NOTE: If roof becomes hot (over 100 °F) during application, lightly mist roof surface with water spray to prevent coating from drying too fast. It is not a roof coating like the 887. When dry, the roof is ready for a topcoat. NOTE: If surface temperatures become hot (over 180 °F) during application, wait for roof to cool. For maximum performance APOC 139 requires a top coating of either gravel, granules or compatible APOC reflective roof coating. Graco Magnum Project Painter Plus: The Ultimate Electric Stationary Airless Paint Sprayer This video shows how to apply a fibered aluminum roof coating! This is a simple DIY job to prolong your roof life, stop leaks, and save on your energy bill. Use appropriate pressure and take caution not to inject water into the roofing substrate. Return Policy . Henry 885 vs 887. The seal also provides excellent weathering with extreme resistance to moisture and transmission. APOC ® 200 Rainshield ® -NF Non-Fibered Roof & Foundation Coating. Make sure you're not leaving any areas unpainted. CAUTION: Always use personal fall protection. It is manufactured with select asphalt and solvent to provide a durable and protective finish. MH 100% SILICONE ROOF COATING TAN 5 GAL: Plastic Pail: 1: 50: Min. For roofs with slope greater 1/8” in 12, reduce application rate as required. This coating also provides a protective barrier which reflects the suns heat and destructive. Step 2: Allow Surface to Dry (1-4 hours depending on weather) Allow the recently cleaned surface to dry completely before applying your first coat. Allow roof to dry 24 hours before coating. On average, acrylic coatings can range from $0. DO NOT HEAT OR THIN products. Can also be used to seal and protect underground wood footings and metal surfaces. APOC ® 122 Aqua Bond Wet/Dry Flashing Cement. APPLICATION: Apply on a clear, warm sunny day. Apply to a dry surface. heated room (65° to 90° F. APOC 208 protects roof surfaces, is a rust inhibitor. Packaged in a 5-gallon container. Henry 555 aluminum roof coating is an ultra-premium fibered aluminum roof coating that forms a shiny, tough, reflective surface. C. Are you thinking about installing a silicone roof coating for your roof? In this video, I'm going to tell you everything that I know about these types of coa. Can be used on all roof slopes with positive drainage. APOC Incredible Repair Tape adheres to almost. Do not heat or thin. APOC 246 Premium Elastomeric White Roof Coating has excellent durability, flexibility and reflectivity and is siliconized for added water protection and adhesion. 8 out of 5 based on 945 reviews of 945 pros. Any of the three coatings may be best for your building. BEST VALUE: Gorilla Waterproof Patch & Seal Tape. . 6-quart White Silicone Reflective Roof Coating (Limited Lifetime Warranty) Model # AP-5761. ”. Established in 1945, Gardner-Gibson has been setting the standard for the industry with a variety of roof, road and waterproofing products for more than 75 years. You can even use it on the sidings and inside the house. Find My Store. Type. Using the instructions given by the product, use a trowel or roof brush to spread the sealant over the area and allow to set before proceeding with the application of your roof coating. Be sure to cover the tape and the surface around the tape up to 3 to 6 inches to ensure complete waterproofing. From promoting adhesion to reducing bleedthrough, watch this product spotlight to understand the benefits of using a primer with silicone roof coatings. Get free shipping on qualified APOC Roofing products or Buy Online Pick Up in Store today in the Building Materials Department. Temperatures must be above 50°F (10°C) for 24 hours and rising, but not above 100°F (37°C). APOC 109 Asphalt Roof Cement is a durable, all-weather, long-lasting leak-repair designed to be applied in wet or dry applications such as: patching splits, cracks and seams in spudded gravel, mineral surfaced cap sheet and smooth surface asphalt roofs, as well as composition shingle roofs. Gardner. Applying the roof coating would be much easier upon a maintained, cleaned surface than a poorly cleaned roof, so. chimneys, vent pipes, and other projections meet the roof. Map out your roof and make each pail fill that area. Product can be coated with a reflective coating 7 days after initial application. DO NOT apply if heavy dew or rain is expected within 24 - 48 hours. It also helps to lower maintenance costs on your roof. . The. This blog post answers the question, "How to apply silicone roof coatings" by looking at application methods for multiple silicone products. Can be used on all roof slopes with positive drainage. Watch to see how easy it is to seal and protect a mobile home roof or a RV with the reflective roof coating. APOC 208 protects roof surfaces, is a rust inhibitor. Sheets are available on the APOC website at the APOC APP, by contacting APOC at [email protected] L. This coating also provides a protective barrier which reflects the suns heat and. Read more. Power wash clean all surfaces, and remove dirt and grime with a degreaser/ cleaner. APOC offers a variety of aluminum blends that work across many different roofing substrates. Find these APOC products in tubes, sausages and pails at your nearest commercial roofing distributor or contact your APOC representative. DESCRIPTION: APOC® 247 Sun-Shield White Reflective Roof Coatingis a flexible, white acrylic roof coating. 3. Compare $ 64. APOC® 290 can be applied to wood decks, metal, gypsum, existing roof membranes and aged concrete surfaces. You will be using a 9-inch heavy-duty frame, ½-inch paint roller for spreading coating on roof or 1-1/4-inch roller for dipping in pail, and a 5–to-6-foot extension pole. First Name. Dicor Self-Leveling Lap Sealant. APPLICATION: For exterior use only. Apply with good quality, soft bristled brush, or commercial grade spray. Work in small areas to apply the paint with a "V" shape. For maximum performance APOC 301 requires a top coating of either gravel, granules or compatible APOC reflective roof coating. You want a reflective, "cool roof" coating, but you're not sure which one?Black Jack offers great ways to cool and protect your roof and your assets. Apply using a brush. This takes time and you. Clean the roof as much as possible, and pick up any large pieces of debris. PREPARATION: Download the APOC APP for detailed installation instructions, videos, tips and speciications. Work your way across the roof, making sure to apply the thinned roofing tar evenly. APOC 208 Fibered Aluminum Roof Coating is a reflective coating formulated to provide a long lasting, bright silver finish. MULTI-PURPOSE: APOC 483 is typically used with asphalt emulsion and/or solvent-based cold process. Energy Efficiency. The surface to be coated must be clean and dry, or adhesion will not occur. APOC #535 aluminum roof coating applied at the total rate of 1. 75-Gallons Aluminum Reflective Roof Coating. The caulking tubes might have been easier to apply. Allow to cure 24 - 36 hours before application of roof coating. Can also be used to seal and protect. Watch how silicone patch is used for detail work. The high solids, low odor formula sets quick, will not crack, and can be applied in a wide temperature range. There’s a coating for each situation. Can be used on all roof slopes with positive drainage. Mix 3-5 lbs of crushed walnut shells into a 5 gal pail of coating and stir till uniform. Can be used on all roof slopes with positive drainage. Product name. APOC 264 FLASH N’ SEAL White Elastomeric Roof & Flashing Sealant is a premium blend of polyurethane and acrylic resins designed for both interior and exterior applications. A power drill mixing tool is ideal. Skid resistant surface (Optional): Let the APOC #585 roof coating cure till walkable. PERFORMANCE: APOC 483 Polyester Reinforcing Fabric is a high quality and durable stitch-bonded polyester used in roof restoration systems, repair of roof splits, and base flashing details. Then, apply two (2) uniform coats, avoiding excessive rolling. APOC ® 200 Rainshield ® -NF Non-Fibered Roof & Foundation Coating. They followed that with two topcoats of the same coating at the same thickness but in SunWhite. Apply using professional airless sprayer, brush or 1/2" to 3/4" nap roller. APOC ® 115 Black Gold ® Liquid Rubber Flashing Cement. It ensures lower energy costs by reducing the amount of heat absorbed by roofs, and will not crack or peel even under extreme weather conditions. Product Description Black, non-fibered liquid asphalt roof primer. Apply with a. Apply the first coat at a rate of one and one half gallons per 100 square feet. Container Size: 1, 5, 50 gallons. Use a sprayer or a pressure washer for the cleaning, taking care not to disturb the roof membrane and lap seams. Use fiberglass or a fiber mesh mat. Do Not Thin. HomeAdvisor Community Rating. We also highly recommend application of a reflective coating after a minimum of 45 days cure time. Finish Coats: After #525 base coat has cured a minimum of 15 days, apply a coat of APOC #525 at the rate of 1. ft. It means it is far more resistant to wear than lower rated coatings. requires a top coating of either gravel, granules or compatible APOC relective roof coating. 5 gallons per square in one coat. cleaned with a wire brush and primed with APOC® 250 before application of this product. This coating also provides a protective barrier which reflects the suns heat and. Squeegee. This will greatly extend the life of the roof. That means the material will eventually lose is reflectivity over time, causing more of the thermal heat of the sun to enter the building. APOC Incredible Tape is a versatile, heavy-duty, easy-to-use leak repair, reinforcement, and construction tape and for residential, commercial, and industrial applications that forms a tough and durable repair with a lifetime of dependability. APOC® 247 Sun-Shield White Reflective Roof Coating is a flexible, white acrylic roof coating. Category. It is 100% waterproof and cures to be safe in the rain after just 15 minutes. Excellent adhesion and flexibility. APOC ® 583 Armor-Base ™ Waterborne Bleed-Blocking Primer. See the Fl. Concrete, masonry, gypsum, block, brick, and metal surfaces need a coat of primer before roof coating is applied. ft. They don’t wash off. APOC. com or calling (813) 248-2101. You can use Black Jack Elasto-kool 1000 Elastomeric sealant on RV roofs with metallic sheets or materials other than polymer plastics. To ensure adhesion and coverage, you must make. If you're interested in a professional consultation, please call us at 888-891-3536. The creamy liquid coating spreads evenly, so avoid using too much at once. APOC 208 Fibered Aluminum Roof Coating is a reflective coating formulated to provide a long lasting, bright silver finish. WARNING : Cancer and Reproductive Harm - 264 Elastomeric Roof Patch is a premium hybrid formula combining the waterproofing abilities of polyurethane with the flexibility and ease of use of acrylic polymers designed for both interior and exterior applications. 65. APOC 241 is CRRC rated. APOC 576 Premium Silicone White Roof Coating is a 100% silicone, extremely reflective roof coating for low slope roofs or areas where ponding water may occur. The information below provides some general guidelines for product only warranties. Test prior to application. Make repairs with polyester reinforcing fabric and APOC roof sealant (264, AP-1, 501) or use APOC Incredible®. surface). 3. Make sure the roof is completely clean when doing so. This coating is designed for use on the roofs of barns, homes, garages and mobile. Allow repair to cure according to product directions before application of roof coating. Discard any large pieces of debris. To provide this protection roof coatings are typically a thicker material and are often applied in thick coats. ft. Allow roof to dry 24 hours before coating. Our Products . Discover the best Roof Coatings in Lowe's Best Sellers list. “We worked with APOC to customize the system for the application,” Small said. Shop APOC 109 4. APOC 208 protects roof surfaces, is a rust inhibitor and prevents corrosion on metal surfaces. 20 - Roof Coatings - Common Work Results - Thermal and Moisture Protection. Roof coatings do not adhere to wet surfaces, so you will waste a lot of time if you apply the RV roof coating before the roof is ready. 65 (58) Model# SK-8245. ) at least 24 hours prior to application. APOC 139 exceeds. Tucson Rubberized Coatings is Arizona’s premier coating manufacturing and retailer with unmatched dedication to our customer’s needs. Linear feet of perimeter. We also highly recommend application of a reflective coating after a minimum of 45 days cure time. This moisture-cure rubber coating forms a chemical bond to the roof surface, delivering. Apply 20 mils of the specified Lexis roof coating product by roller or brush. “All-round” means it can also be used on other areas of the home, including the windows, chimney, skylight, vent, and gutters. Ideal for metal, aged mod-bit and built-up roofing, concrete and tile, aged TPO and EPDM, and over existing acrylic, asphalt emulsion and aluminum coatings. 75-Gallons Aluminum Reflective Roof Coating. Spray On. Superior UV resistance and weathering characteristics. APOC leads the way in terms of energy efficiency, which can be seen in our line of elastomeric coatings. APOC ® 11 White Top Ceramic Roofing Granules. Some rubber roofs are amenable to the use of acrylic latex elastomeric coatings, while others most certainly do not. APOC 208 Fibered Aluminum Roof Coating is a reflective coating formulated to provide a long lasting, bright silver finish. 75-Gallons Aluminum Reflective Roof Coating. 12" x 300'. If the selected roof coating. It can decrease heating and air conditioning costs and keeps the inside temperature of a building up to 20 degree F cooler in summer. If roof surfaces become soiled as they age, due to the elements, Elastomeric can be cleaned with a mild water and bleach solution. DO NOT apply if heavy dew or rain is expected within 24 - 48 hours. . Product can be coated with a reflective coating 7 days after initial application. Restore it. The crew then came in to spray-apply two base coats of Apoc 252 SunGrey Premium Elastomeric Roof Coating at 3 gallons (11 L) per 100 square feet (9 m²). The sealant dries much faster in hot and dry temperatures than in cold and humid climates, where the sealant takes longer to dry. Always run felts horizontally and start at the bottom edge of the roof. Allow repair to previously coated with aluminum, asphalt or tar should be allowed to cure for a 576 3. More Information. As you might guess, fibered coatings contain extra fibers, whereas non-fibered coatings do not. Identify and repair any seams or cracks. Compatible Roofing System. Allow roof to dry 24 hours before coating. Brush over the entire area of the roof and carefully follow the instructions on the label for proper coverage. Repair all leaks and cracks BEFORE applying any coating. Coating will weatherproof and help seal surfaces. An acrylic coating is the perfect solution for your old metal roof!There are so many benefits to this kind of roof restoration:1. 75-Gallons Aluminum Reflective Roof Coating. It primarily happens because aluminum roof coating is reflective. APOC 585 Armor Flex White Liquid Silicone is a moisture cure, fluid applied, high solids, silicone coating. A roof rig usually has a minimum pressure of 3000 psi with a flow rate of of 3 – 4 gallons per minute. This product comes with four caulking tubes of sealant. Flexible to resist cracking. APOC Fleece-Top Heavy Duty All Purpose Tape & Sealant is great for just about any surface you can think of. A power drill. Learn how to apply Lanco CoolGuard Roof Coating to your home with this quick and easy how-to video. APOC ® 300 Non-Fibered Asphalt Emulsion. After this, use a power washer to clean the roof. APOC Incredible® Fleece-Top Tape, or universal patching fabric and APOC 264 Elastomeric Roof Patch. DO NOT apply if heavy dew or rain is expected within 24 - 48 hours. APOC ® 139. It is formulated to provide the brightest and longest lasting finish. Apply EPDM splice primer to the clean area and allow it to dry. Overlap multiple pieces of fabric a minimum of 2”. Square footage of roof to be covered. The high content of aluminum in this product enables it to form a brilliant silver shield to reflect the sun’s. Further, APOC offers ways to cut down on energy costs through reflective coatings that cool the entire house. 025056880154. It also works on roof shingles made of a variety of materials, including vinyl, aluminum, and wood. It is based on common conditions and may not apply to your specific situation. 12" x 12" x 14. With more than 100 years of experience, APOC is one of the world's premier manufacturers of coatings, sealants and roofing products. 75" x 7. 40" x 324'. The aluminum pigment in this product enables it to form a silver shield to reflect the sun’s destructive rays. Protecting and sealing a roof with reflective aluminum asphalt roof coating, Karnak 97. If applying to steep slope asphalt shingles, inspect roof for damaged, loose or otherwise compromised shingles. This product, when cured, forms a tough, flexible and elastic coating and bonding adhesive. 3. Apply at an approximate rate of 1 gal/50 to 100 sq. Product can be coated with a reflective coating 7 days after initial application. Allow repair to cure according to product directions before application of roof coating. Roof Primers & Coatings Roof Primers & Coatings. APOC 208 4. of this product. Ideal for metal, aged mod-bit and built-up roofing, concrete and tile, aged TPO and EPDM, and over. Engineered with "Green" solvent-free polymers, Armor Flex™ White outperforms traditional solvent and solvent-free products including. Allow to cure 24 - 36 hours before application of roof coating. Henry ® 887 Tropi-Cool ® 100% Silicone White Roof Coating is a premium, 100% silicone, moisture-cure coating designed to reflect the sun's heat and UV rays as well as protect many types of roofs. From repair, maintenance and construction of residential homes and commercial. APOC ®. Not for use with silicone based coatings. For a solvent-based coating, make sure it’s. 75-Gallons Aluminum Reflective Roof Coating. 8665. It will help protect your singles from unsightly degradation and will resist fungi and mildew. APPLICATION: Mix well before applying. . 5 and 1. Step 6: First Coat of Roof Coating . (herein “APOC”) hereby warrants to the original purchaser, contingent upon original proof of purchase, that this product will be free from any. Adhesives. Renews worn roof surfaces. APOC 139 exceeds. Prior to coating, all roofing details must be properly treated in order to ensure a complete seal for the final system. Can be used on all roof slopes with positive drainage. The high solids, low odor formula sets quick, will not crack and can be applied in a wide temperature range. As for the use of coatings, APOC products can be used on all types of Rubber Roofs including true “EPDM Rubber Roofs. ft. per gallon)Emulsion base coat must be fully cured before applying reflective coating; usually in 3-7 good drying days. The roof must be completely clean and dry before applying the primer. Plus, they can only be used when no rain, fog, dew, or freezing temperatures are expected in the forecast for 24 to 48 hours after application. APOC #302 Fibered Emulsion Roof Coating #AP 302 APOC #337 Fibered Elastomeric Asphalt Emulsion #AP337 WeatherSeal Fibered Emulsion Roof Coating #WS 240. Learn more about our line of organic roofing felts and synthetic underlayments, in addition to our cements, mastics, tapes and other residential roofing products. 6. APOC 139 Flex-Shield must age a minimum of 60 days and sometimes longer before applying relective coatings. Apply using a brush or squeegee. APOC 246 Premium Elastomeric White Roof Coating has excellent durability, flexibility and reflectivity and is siliconized for added water protection and adhesion. Updated labels and packaging will enhance brand recognition and consistency. Coating application options: If one coat application is desired, apply 1 coat at 50 sq/ft per gallon. Product Details. Mold and mildew resistant. APOC 264 Elastomeric Roof Patch 100% Waterproof UV Stable Excellent Flexibility Coatable For use with Elastomeric Roof Coatings APOC 264 Elastomeric Roof Patch is a premium hybrid formula combining the waterproofing abilities of polyurethane with the flexibility and ease of use of acrylic polymers designed for both interior and exterior applications. Metal Roofing. APOC 139 can be used to protect coating applications for new and existing roof systems, bond roof plies in built-up systems, adhere mod-bit rolls and seal below grade foundations and concrete walls. Apply in morning hours to allow maximum cure time. Allow repair to previously coated with aluminum, asphalt or tar should be allowed to cure for aLive at World of Concrete 2022, John Walker demonstrates how to repair seams or cracks on concrete surfaces using APOC Incredible Tape and APOC 252 Acrylic c. ”. 562. APOC 109 is also an excellent utility mastic for use below grade in heavy duty foundation waterprooing and dampprooing systems. Model # : 1028627 . 3. Preparing a roof correctly before coating it will add. APPLICATION: Mix well before applying. please call 1-800-430-3376 or text 38698 (standard carrier rates apply to texts). Product Summary. 6. Engineered with “Green” solvent-free polymers, Armor Flex White outperforms traditional solvent and. APOC 208 4. By making needed repairs early, installing a full protective barrier at the same time, you create your “stitch in time that saves nine. ft) 100. It is designed to penetrate and seal worn roof surfaces, foundation block walls, above or below grade and other masonry roof surfaces. The Pros & Cons Of Silicone Roof Coatings. APOC Roofing Systems, Inc. Apply using a roller at a minimum rate of 1 gallon per square. Please contact a Black Jack representative with. BEST FOR LEAKS: LR Liquid Rubber Peel and Stick Seam Tape. Two coats recommended achieving optimum performance. 75". DO NOT apply to a wet or damp surface. APOC #133 flashing cement for details G. Make repairs with polyester reinforcing fabric or APOC Incredible® Fleece-Top Tape and APOC 264 Elastomeric Roof Patch, AP-1 Construction Sealant & Adhesive or APOC 501 Neoprene Flashing Sealant. The tubes have pointed applicators to make piping the sealant around the roof’s edges, air vents, vent pipes, leaks, and other areas easier. It can decrease heating and air conditioning costs and keeps the inside temperature of a building up to 20 degree F cooler in summer. If roof surfaces become soiled as they age, due to the elements, Elastomeric can be cleaned with a mild water and bleach solution. Pack Size. 36-inch x 144-foot roll. View More. For applications over asphalt roof surfaces, apply Black Jack® Stain-Stop Primer as a base coat for proper stain blocking protection. APOC ® 208 Fibered Aluminum Roof Coating. Find Solutions.